Models Can Be Helpful
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Webster’s defines a “model” as a description or analogy used to help visualize something. In just such a manner, many models have been developed in an attempt to explain variations in human behavior. These include educational, learning style, leadership, social science, physiological, psychological, and thinking-style models, just to name a few. Although none is believed to be definitively all-encompassing, models can provide a framework from which to identify and discuss differences and similarities, a sort of shorthand language.
Taylor's Model (see separate article)
Examples of other models:
Benziger, Katherine I.
Cruise & Blitchington
Ennegram
Farley
Fisher
Galen
Gregorc
Herrmann, Ned
Jung, Carl Gustav
Kleiner
Kolb, David
Leavitt
McCarthy
Moore-Gillette
Myers-Briggs
Native American Medicine Wheel
Performax Disc
Pribram, Carl
Rubin, Irv
Taylor, Arlene R.
Thompson
Thomas-Kilman
Wilson
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Perhaps the greatest loss you can experience in life is the loss of who you were intended to be innately—and the authentic realness you never lived in all of its thriving fullness.
—Arlene R. Taylor |
Benziger, I. Katherine
Benziger’s Working Model of Brain Function
The focus is on validating and making effective use of all four cerebral modes and patterns. Benziger's model incorporates concepts of Extraversion/Introversion (e.g., Hans Eysenck) with a physiological update to the work of C. G. Jung, including additional information on Falsification of Type.
Brain Lead
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Frontal Left (FL)
Direction and Decision-making |
Frontal Right (FR)
Adaption and Internal Imaging |
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Basal Left (BL)
Stable Foundations and Routine |
Basal Right (BR)
Peaceful, Harmonious Foundations and Feeling |
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Cruise & Blitchington
Cruise & Blitchington’s Four Temperaments Model
(Thanks to Eugene Brewer PhD for correlation with cerebral function modes in his doctoral research project)
The focus is on a way to identify behaviors. Incorporates terminology from Galen and Hippocrates.
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Choleric (FL) |
Sanguine (FR) |
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Phlegmatic (BL) |
Melancholy (BR) |
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Enneagram
Enneagram compared with C.G. Jung and Benziger
(Thanks to I. Katherine Benziger PhD for correlation)
The focus is on a method of labeling and describing differences in behavior/thinking styles.
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Enneagram Type |
Carl Gustav Jung (per Riso) |
I. Katherine Benziger |
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1. The Reformer |
Extroverted Thinker |
Extroverted Frontal Left |
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2. The Healer |
Extroverted Feeler |
Extroverted Basal Right |
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3. The Status Seeker |
No Explanation |
Extreme Extroverts |
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4. The Artist |
Introverted Intuitive |
Introverted Frontal Right |
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5. The Thinker |
Introverted Thinker |
Introverted Frontal Left |
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6. The Loyalist |
Introverted Feeler |
Introverted Basal Right |
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7. The Generalist |
Extroverted Sensation |
Extroverted Basal Left |
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8. The Leader |
Extroverted Intuitive |
Extroverted Frontal Right |
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9. The Peacemaker |
Introverted Sensation |
Introverted Basal Left |
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Farley, Frank
Frank Farley’s Thrill-Seeking Model
The focus is on exploring connection between creativity and criminality, among other things.
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Big “T” – thrill-seeking, high stimulation needs, novelty, risk
(FR extroverted) |
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Little “T” – thrill avoiding, predictable, clarity, rigidity
(BL introverted) |
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(author of Why Him? Why Her? Finding Real Love by Understanding Your Personality Type)
Fisher's Personality Type
The focus is on assisting individuals in understanding attractions and partnering choices based on personality type. Dr. Fisher believes that each person is a unique mix of four broad basic personality types. Personality types result from a combination of character (e.g., traits that stem from your own experiences) and temperament (e.g., all the biologically based tendencies that he/she inherited). By identifying one's primary personality type, one can better understand how one's primarly personality type steers the person toward specific romantic partners. (EAI and Sensory Preference not accounted for as overlays.)
Compared with C. G. Jung, Benziger, and Cruise and Blitchington models.
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Directors
Benziger: Frontal Left
Cruise & Blitchington: Choleric
C. G. Jung: Thinking function |
Explorers
Benziger: Frontal Right
Cruise & Blitchington: Sanguine
C. G. Jung: Futures function |
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Builders
Benziger: Basal Left
Cruise & Blitchington: Phlegmatic
C. G. Jung: Sensing function |
Negotiators
Benziger: Basal Right
Cruise & Blitchington: Melancholgy
C. G. Jung: Feelings function |
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Galen (circa 200 A.D.)
The Four Humors Model
The focus is on identifying behaviors. Incorporates terminology used by Hippocrates circa 500 B.C.
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Choleric (FL) |
Sanguine (Extroverted) |
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Phlegmatic (BL) |
Melancholic (Introverted) |
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Gregorc, Anthony F.
Anthony F. Gregorc’s Learning Styles
The focus is on assisting teachers to understand and communicate with students more effectively.
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Abstract Sequential (FL) |
Abstract Random (FR) |
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Concrete Sequential (BL) |
Concrete Random (BR) |
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Herrmann, Ned
Ned Herrmann's Whole Brain Model
The focus is on enhancing self understanding and enabling creative thinking through the use of his metaphorical whole brain model. "Because this is a metaphorical model and not a clinical one, it permits us to make selected applications while a precise clinical model is still decades from perfection. The metaphoric Whole Brain Model provides a useful and valid basis for determining thinking style preferences lacking a location-specific, precise physiological construct." (The Whole Brain Business Book by Ned Hermann, page 18).
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Upper Left or Left Cerebral (FL) |
Upper Right or Right Cererbral (FR) |
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Lower Left or Left Limbic (BL) |
Lower Right or Right Limbic (BR) |
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Jung, Carl Gustav
Jung’s Four Functions Model
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Thinking Function (FL) |
Intuition Function (FR) |
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Sensing Function (BL) |
Feeling Function (BR) |
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Kleiner, Brian H.
Kleiner’s Tuning into Temperaments Model
| Science Oriented Thinking (Double Frontal) |
Artistic-Sensation-Perceiving (FR) |
| Responsible Judging (BL) |
Feeling Function (BR) |
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Thomas-Kilman
Thomas-Kilman’s Conflict Styles Inventory Model
The focus is on enabling people to collaborate more effectively to resolve conflicts.
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Competition (FL and extreme extrovert) |
Avoidance (FR and extreme introvert) |
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Compromise (BL) |
Accommodation (BR)
Collaboration (Double Right or BR) |
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Kolb, David A.
David A. Kolb’s Learning Styles
The focus is on assisting teachers to understand and communicate with students more effectively.
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Abstract Conceptualization (FL) |
Active Experimentation (FR) |
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Reflective Observation (BL) |
Concrete Experience (BR) |
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Leavitt, Harold
Leavitt’s Executive Styles Model – In Praise of Pathfinders
The focus is on identifying excellent leaders
| Problem Solver (FL) |
| Implementer (Double Left) |
| Pathfinder (FR) |
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McCarthy, Bernice
McCarthy's 4MAT Model
(Thanks to Eugene Brewer PhD for correlation with Benziger terminology of four cerebral modes)
The focus is on assisting teachers to teach to all learning styles. While in a learner's strong areas, s/he shines. While in a learner's weaker areas, s/he is stretched to develop, thus becoming whole-brain learning.
| Quadrant 2 (FL) Analytic Learner. Scholar, loves school, research, what do the experts think? Asks the question, "What?" |
Quadrant 4 (FR) Dynamic Learner. Intuitive learner, often gets right answer but does not know how. Risk taker. Makes whatever is working, work better. Asks the question, "If?" or "What if?" |
| Quadrant 3 (BL) Common Sense Learner. Kinesthetic oriented, needs to move. Bottom line. Asks the question, "How does this work?" |
Quadrant 1 (BR) Imaginative Learner Great Ideas, people oriented. Filters new learning through past experience. Asks the question, "Why?" |
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Moore-Gillette
Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette’s Masculine Types Model
The focus is on identifying four dominant archetypes guiding male growth and development.
| Warrior (FL) |
Magician (FR) |
| King (BL) |
Lover (BR) |
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Myers-Briggs
MBTI Model
The focus is on implementing Jung’s Model
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MBTI Value |
Benziger Terminology |
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Thinking (T) |
Frontal Left |
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Sensing (S) |
Basal Left |
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Feeling (F) |
Basal Right |
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Intuition (N) |
Frontal Right |
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Extroversion (E) |
Extroversion |
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Introversion (I) |
Introversion |
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None |
Ambiversion |
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Native American Medicine Wheel Model
The focus is on conveying a symbolic, metaphoric understanding of life.
| North, Buffalo (FL) |
East, Illumination (FR) |
| West, Bear (BL) |
South, Innocence/Trust (BR) |
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Performax Disc
Performax’s Disc Model
| Dominance (Double frontal and extroverted) |
| Compliance (Double left and introverted) |
| Steadiness (Double basal and introverted) |
| Influencing others (Double right and extroverted) |
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Pribram, Carl
Proposed physiological bases or psychological relevance model
The focus is on natural functional brain lead.
| Left Frontal Lobe (FL) |
Right Frontal Lobe (FR) |
| Left Posterior Cortical Convexity (BL) |
Right Posterior Cortical Convexity (BR) |
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Rubin, Irv
Irv Rubin’s Influence Styles Model
The focus is on helping leaders to be more effective by expanding choice of:
| Reason with logic (FL) |
Attract with visions (FR) |
| Assert established goals (BL) |
Bridge with other people (BR) |
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Thompson, Irwin
Irwin Thompson’s Archetypes in History Model
The focus is on theoretical insights.
| Hunter – military general (FL) |
Fool – leader in impossible situations (FR) |
| Leader - administrative Leader (BL) |
Shaman – Spiritual leader (BR) |
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Wilson
Wilson Learning System’s Social Styles Model
The focus is on increased selling and influencing skills.
| Driver (Double Frontal, Extroverted) |
| Analytic (Double Left, Introverted) |
| Amiable (Basal Right, Introverted) |
| Expressive (Frontal Right, Extroverted) |
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Other Models
